What Is Sperm DNA Fragmentation Test

The Sperm DNA Fragmentation Test is a specialized laboratory analysis that measures the amount of DNA damage in sperm cells. Unlike a standard semen analysis, which focuses on sperm count, motility, and morphology, this test evaluates the integrity of the genetic material inside the sperm.

Purpose

  • Identify hidden sperm quality issues that may not appear in a regular semen analysis
  • Evaluate causes of unexplained infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss
  • Guide treatment decisions for couples undergoing IUI, IVF, or ICSI
  • Determine if advanced sperm selection techniques may be needed

What It Evaluates

  • DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) – The percentage of sperm with damaged DNA
  • Extent of DNA Breaks – Single-strand or double-strand DNA breaks
  • Impact on Fertility Potential – Higher fragmentation may reduce fertilization, embryo development, and pregnancy rates

Procedure

  1. Patient produces a semen sample, usually after 2–5 days of sexual abstinence.
  2. The sample is processed and analyzed using specialized techniques such as SCSA (Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay), TUNEL assay, or COMET assay.
  3. Results are reported as a percentage of sperm with DNA fragmentation.

Preparation Tips

  • Avoid ejaculation for 2–5 days before the test.
  • Minimize exposure to heat (e.g., saunas, hot tubs) and toxins (e.g., smoking, pesticides) before testing.
  • Inform your doctor about medications, illness, or recent fever.

Possible Next Steps

In some cases, sperm retrieval directly from the testicles (TESA or micro-TESE) may yield sperm with lower DNA fragmentation.

If high DNA fragmentation is detected, recommendations may include lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, antioxidants), treatment of infections or varicocele, or use of advanced sperm selection techniques during ART.