What Is Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside an ovary. They are common in women of reproductive age and are often harmless and temporary, resolving on their own without treatment. However, some cysts can grow large, cause symptoms, or affect fertility.

Key Features

  • Can be functional cysts (related to the menstrual cycle) or pathological cysts (caused by abnormal cell growth)
  • Functional cysts include:
    • Follicular cysts – occur when a follicle doesn’t release an egg
    • Corpus luteum cysts – occur when a follicle releases an egg but doesn’t shrink
  • Pathological cysts include:
    • Endometriomas – caused by endometriosis
    • Dermoid cysts (teratomas) – contain tissue such as hair, fat, or bone
    • Cystadenomas – develop from ovarian surface cells

Symptoms

  • Often no symptoms for small cysts
  • Pelvic pain or discomfort (may be sharp or dull)
  • Bloating or abdominal fullness
  • Irregular menstrual cycles
  • Pain during intercourse
  • Difficulty conceiving (depending on the type and size of the cyst)

How It Affects Fertility

  • Functional cysts usually do not impact fertility
  • Large or pathological cysts may disrupt ovulation or damage ovarian tissue
  • Endometriomas and cysts caused by PCOS can significantly affect egg quality and quantity

Diagnosis

  • Pelvic exam for enlarged ovaries or masses
  • Transvaginal ultrasound to determine size, location, and type
  • Blood tests (CA-125 and others) if malignancy is suspected
  • MRI or CT scan for complex cases

Treatment Options

  • Watchful waiting for small, functional cysts
  • Hormonal contraceptives to prevent recurrence of functional cysts
  • Surgical removal (laparoscopy or laparotomy) for large, persistent, or suspicious cysts
  • Ovarian cystectomy to preserve fertility whenever possible

Prevention

While ovarian cysts cannot be completely prevented, regular gynecological check-ups and early treatment of menstrual or hormonal issues can reduce the risk of complications.