What Is Testicular Biopsy

A Testicular Biopsy is a minor surgical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the testicle for examination. In reproductive medicine, this test is often used to evaluate sperm production and retrieve sperm for assisted reproductive techniques such as IVF with ICSI.

Purpose

  • Determine whether a man is producing sperm in his testicles
  • Diagnose causes of azoospermia (no sperm in semen)
  • Identify blockages or structural problems in the male reproductive tract
  • Retrieve sperm directly from the testicle for use in fertility treatments

Types of Testicular Biopsy

  • Open Biopsy (TESE – Testicular Sperm Extraction) – A small incision is made in the testicle to remove tissue containing sperm.
  • Needle Biopsy (TESA – Testicular Sperm Aspiration) – A fine needle is used to aspirate tissue or fluid from the testicle.
  • Micro-TESE (Microsurgical Testicular Sperm Extraction) – A high-powered surgical microscope is used to identify and extract areas with active sperm production, often used in severe male infertility cases.

Procedure

  1. Anesthesia – Local or general anesthesia is given to minimize discomfort.
  2. Tissue Retrieval – A small incision or needle is used to collect testicular tissue.
  3. Laboratory Examination – The sample is analyzed for sperm presence and quality.
  4. Sperm Use or Storage – If viable sperm are found, they can be used immediately for ICSI or frozen for future use.

Preparation Tips

  • Inform your doctor about any medications or supplements you take.
  • Avoid blood-thinning medications before the procedure unless advised otherwise.
  • Arrange for someone to drive you home if sedation is used.

Recovery

  • Mild swelling, discomfort, or bruising may occur for a few days.
  • Wear supportive underwear to reduce discomfort.
  • Avoid strenuous activities, sexual activity, and heavy lifting for about one week.

Possible Next Steps

  • If sperm are found, they may be used in IVF with ICSI to achieve pregnancy.
  • If no sperm are found, your doctor may recommend donor sperm or other reproductive options.
  • Results can also guide further diagnosis and treatment for male infertility.